Positioning Patients As A Routine Activity - 2179 Words

Positioning patients is a routine activity carried out by critical care nurses. For mechanically ventilated patients, positioning is aimed towards minimising skin breakdown, improving oxygenation and preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (Thomas, Paratz, Lipman Stanton, 2007). According to Shah, Desai and Gohil (2012), therapeutic body positioning is different from routine body positioning when prescribed to optimise cardiopulmonary function and oxygen transport. It is utilised to improve ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) matching, lung volumes, secretion clearance and to reduce the work of breathing (Clini Ambrosino, 2005). Frequent turning and repositioning improves gas exchange and blood flow in the lungs and enhance drainage of pulmonary secretions (Blume Byrum, 2009). The belief that repositioning patients was beneficial originated in medical textbooks instructing nurses to reposition the patients every 4 hours to prevent skin breakdown and mobilise pulmonary secretions (Wanless Aldridge, 2011). As a standard of practice, nurses in the intensive care unit (ICU) turn and reposition patients every 2 hours to prevent complications associated with immobility, such as impaired mucociliary clearance due to accumulation of mucus in the dependent lung zones (Hess, 2005). Several studies have demonstrated that positioning can improve oxygenation in the mechanically ventilated patients with respiratory problems (Alsaghir Martin, 2008). This literature review willShow MoreRelatedEssay on Treatment of a Thick Mucus Found in the Lung 988 Words   |  4 Pagesphysiotherapeutic airway clearance techniques have great effects on the patients, however it may result unpleasant, uncomfortable and time-consuming. Keeping the airways clean of secretions helps preventing pulmonary infections and improving the lung function. These physiotherapeutic techniques are initially performed by a physiotherapist and then instructed to either the parents, in case of babies or infants affected, or the patients, in cases of teenagers and adults. In young childrenRead MoreComponents Of Marketing Research : External Environment1260 Words   |  6 Pageslive in poverty. However, these external environment factors continue to be uncontrollable, but we plan to adapt to their influences with the controllable mix elements from our internal environment. The internal environment is comprises of the activities inside of our marketing organization. We have some variables to make decisions and influence XYZ, Inc. marketing efforts, such variables as in our 7Ps of marketing. Product Justify that our current services are appropriate and suitable for the marketRead MoreApplying Standardized Codes Of Practice987 Words   |  4 PagesApplying Standardized Terminologies in Practice Many patients admitted to the stroke and orthopedic rehabilitation unit have impaired physical mobility. The length of time in rehabilitation is ten to fourteen days. Many times nurses, patients and family members form bonds that last long after the discharge. I recently had the opportunity to take care of a patient I will never forget. Mrs. C was admitted to the rehabilitation unit following recent hip surgery. She is eighty years old and had fallenRead MoreEssay On Social Play1263 Words   |  6 Pagesthe period of time she participated in each play activity was rather short. Therefore, Amelia’s motivation in the play transaction is rated as only slightly â€Å"intrinsic†. In general, Amelia is more motivated by activities that provide social interaction, exhibiting her preference for social play. Amelia demonstrated â€Å"internal† control as she initiated play, transitioned from one play activity to another and decided what to do to complete activities with the use of objects. For example, Amelia initiallyRead MoreThe Impact Of Wrist And Hand Splints On The Recovery Of Individuals Who Have Undergone Strokes?1445 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lannin, Cusick, McCluskey, Herbert (2007), 82 patients were screened and found to be eligible for this study. However, 63 of inpatients in a medical institution agreed to participate in the study. A standard deviation on the characteristics of these participants was established for the 3 groups that ensured the patients were grouped in terms of gender, age and their scores on the monumental exam (pp.111). Other elements such as their proficiency in speaking English, years of educationRead MoreThe Human Body Is A Very Complex System In Which Thrives1611 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore a distinction was discovered between the dif ferent types. There are several things in which are secondary and or come hand in hand with diabetes that worsen or will predispose the body to another ailment. Obesity is a large factor amongst patients whom have this disease as well as peripheral artery disease or atherosclerosis. When blood flow to large areas is cut off the tissue begins to break down and eventually dies, resulting in gangrene. There are a several forms of gangrene and datesRead MoreThe Structure Of A Health Care Setting Involving Multiple1270 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this report is to discuss the structure of a health care setting involving multiple, professional disciplines collaborating to deliver optimal treatment to a patient through their individual services. Termed inter-professional collaborative practice (IPP), accomplishment is through discussion of cerebral palsy (CP) spastic diplegia, by focusing on a case study of a five-year-old boy called Harry with this condition, and the provision of his health care by various alliedRead MoreHourly Rounding1241 Words   |  5 PagesImprovement to Patient Care by Hourly Rounding A change that a nurse manager could implement that would help improve patient care is hourly rounding. In order to implement this change successfully, the nurse manager needs to clearly communicate the expectations, and then follow up with good monitoring. When the nurse manager sees the staff meeting the expectations the staff should be acknowledged rewarded/recognized and celebrated. On the other side, if the staff is not meeting the expectationsRead More Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesare radiographic erosions and/or Perarticular osteopenia in hand and/or wrist joints (Ryan, pp 57).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diagnosing and treating rheumatoid arthritis is a team effort between the patient and several types of health care professionals. When assessing a patient with RA, the professional should be looking at their activities of daily living, productivity skills and interests, leisure skills and interests, active and passive range of motion, muscle strength, hand functions, endurance, and cognitive featuresRead MoreNurses Are Accountable For Delivering Safe Pressure Ulcer Prevention For Patients2107 Words   |  9 PagesNurses are accountable for delivering safe pressure ulcer prevention for patients who are at risk. Pressure ulcers can cause considerable amount of pain and distress in patients with nutritional deficiencies and can also cause high healthcare expenses due to extended hospital stay. Marlene Varga defines a pressure ulcer as â€Å"a localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear† (Varga, 2015, p. 26)

The Battle Of The World War - 1455 Words

It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, when Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as America’s state of Hawaii, where they bombed the military bases there. Australia entered World War II shortly after the invasion of Poland, declaring war on Germany on 3rd September 1939. By the end of the war, almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces, who fought primarily in the European theatre, North African campaign, and the South Pacific theatre. The Second World War saw the involvement of Australian troops more than ever and the closest to home. In addition, for the first time in history, attacks were aimed at mainland Australia. According to esteemed British author and military historian Antony Beevor, â€Å"The Second World War was such a huge combination of different conflicts that it’s almost impossible to point to a single battle as a turning point† During the war some turning points for the Allies were; The Fall of Singapore, The Bombing of Darwin, The Battle of the Coral Sea, The Battle of Midway and The Kokoda Campaign. The United States Forces also played a big role in the war in The Pacific Theatre and the turning points for The Australian Forces. The Japanese Bombing of Pearl Harbour on 7th December 1941 was the starting point of the war in The Pacific Theatre and a significant event for the Allies, Australia in particular. The attack severely damaged the main AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The World War1608 Words   |  7 Pages In 1914 the first World War broke out in the center of Europe which divided the great empires practically in half. On one side there was an alliance which was composed of the Germans who were allied with the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary were up against what was called the Triple Entente. This alliance originally consisted of Great Britain, France, Russia, and eventually after lots of deliberation, America. As battling began in the North Eastern part of France advancements in technology andRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War2783 Words   |  12 Pages Gallipoli; The Battle that should not have been Entering the twentieth century, the possibility of a World War seemed to loom in the clouds for some time. At that point, the world had not yet seen a war as massive as what was to come. Due to an increase in militarism, nationalism, internal conflict, and some key events, war was eminent. Great nations chose sides, and became what would be called the Central Powers or the Allied Powers. Military forces grew a tremendous amount and more nationsRead MoreThe Battle Of The War On The World1247 Words   |  5 PagesDESERT STORM and IRAQI FREEDOM between January of 1991 and the end of the Iraq war on August 31st of 2010. These conflicts ended with the invasion of Kuwait, Iraq, and eventually the occupation of Iraq by US forces after the events of September 11th 2001. The region of the middle eat that Iraq occupies is known to many as the Cradle of Civilization being home to some of the earliest known human civilizations in the world. For the past 4,000 years, other great nations and cult ures have had interestsRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II974 Words   |  4 PagesSecond World War, the families would experience â€Å"a constant dread of receiving a telegram announcing the injury, missing status or capture, or death of a husband, son or father. Why help to fight World War II when you know the pain that it endures on your family? In the middle of World War II in 1939, a photographer captured a commemorative picture of a soldier/father kissing his daughter goodbye before her dad leaves Britain. Not only does the photograph show the impacts that World War II hadRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II995 Words   |  4 PagesAlyssa Humphrey Humphrey, 1 April 21, 2015 2nd On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Hitler s Nazi Germany in retaliation. Humiliated and dissatisfied with their loss in World War I Germany wanted a powerful leader who could bring them to a strong victory. Invading the whole world meant there would be other countries stronger then they were. By this time, the Japanese had built a strong naval offense system known as the Combined Fleet commanded by IrorokuRead MoreThe Battle Of The Second World War1018 Words   |  5 Pagesspeaking, the Second World War is predominantly known, as the most devastating war mankind has ever to witness. World War II is responsible for an estimated sixty million deaths (military and civilian) and mass destruction on a global scale (Weinberg 894). Currently, there are several novels, articles, documentaries, and even video games that narrate the war experiences of certain World War II servicemen and women. All of which depict and explain the gruesome horrors of this particular war. AdditionallyRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1345 Words   |  6 Pages World War II, intensified tensions between two of the strongest countries in the 1940s, the United States of America and Japan. On December 7,1941, Japanese planes and submarines attacked the American Naval base at pearl harbor, one of America’s largest bases and the largest base in the Pacific Ocean.The attack caused serious damage to the base, taking out America’s strongest battleships, killing thousands of people, and destroying hundreds of planes. America officially enters World War II. TheRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe first time aircrafts are seen playing major roles in World War II Germany and Japan had begun to attack the nation. Germany and Japan began their initial attacks strong with air strikes, first attacking Holland, Denver, France, and England. When the British retaliated, they had cutting-edge fighters guided by radar. The Battle for Britain was one of the first battles fought solely in the air, keeping Germany from taking control of Britain’s airways. Japan also began its attack on the U.S viaRead MoreThe Battle Of World War II1168 Words   |  5 Pages The Battles of World War II Normandy Invasion, D-Day In December 1943, the head of staff of the Allies picked American General Dwight D. Eisenhower as incomparable administrator for the Allies in Europe. English General, Sir Frederick Morgan, added to various arrangements for the Allies, most uncommon was Operation Overlord, a full-scale intrusion of France over the English Channel. This was the codename for the most mysterious summon in the war. The initial plan was to cross the English ChannelRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1315 Words   |  6 PagesSam Carter L9 To What Extent was the Battle of Stalingrad a More Important Turning Point in World War II than the Battle of Britain? The Battle of Stalingrad was fought from the September 1942 through to early February 1943, and took place after the Germans had reached the fringes of Leningrad and Moscow in operation Barbarossa. Hitler’s, and the German commander of the sixth army, General von Paulus’ main aim was to take and secure the oil fields of Caucasus in Russia. The oil from here would

Social Expectations and Identity Development Free Essays

string(110) " expectations and rules that don’t belong to the society where he lives, but rather to a 4 foreign society\." Mounia RBIHA SSK1204 Social Expectations and Identity Development 1 The task that the individual is confronted to during his adolescence is to get socialized. Adolescents are strongly requested to deal with socialization. During this process, the adolescent encounters all the society’s demands and standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Expectations and Identity Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The challenge that remains at that stage for the adolescent is to form his own place in the society where he lives. Moreover, he has to feel that he fits in that place. All through the socialization, the adolescent has to consider the social expectations because he can’t forge his personality regardless of the surrounding environment and the external rules. Social expectations can push the adolescents to change their behaviors, their way of thinking. Actually, social expectations shape the identity of the adolescent. Freedom and independence are two major concepts that the individual tries to search for during his adolescence. Freedom and independence have a special meaning for the adolescent which is to not to be compelled or forced to do something. The adolescent doesn’t want to feel the pressure on him. This pressure becomes greater when it comes to social rules and expectations because the adolescent may feel that he is judged according to the society’s standards and conventions. Sometimes, adolescents may perceive these expectations as a challenge that they have to win, and according to Crockett and Silbereisen, â€Å"adolescents are thought to perceive social expectations and to define tasks for themselves based on these expectations†, (p. 6, 1999). From this view, the social expectations seem inescapable. The adolescent can’t deal with the external world without these expectations. This requirement is frequently responsible for the rebellion. (Geldard, Geldard, 2004). The adolescent feels that he is surrounded by different rules that don’t fit necessarily his personality. So, sometimes he feels the need to make some changes in his behavior to make it more socialized. This change that occurs varies from an adolescent to 2 another depending on how the adolescent accept it. Some of them can perceive that change as a necessity and as a need. So, he would do his best to create a space where he can match his own needs and what he is expected to do. Others would perceive it as a duty where they feel no responsibility. Their change would be not effective since they don’t think that they are in a need of such adjustment to create a harmony between themselves and the society’s expectations. The social expectations involve the interaction with others. In fact, the adolescent cannot form his identity without developing some relationships that link him with the others, as it is said by David Geldard and Kathryn Geldard in their book Counseling Adolescents, â€Å" the adolescent can only construct a personal identity in the context of relationship with others† (2004, p. 1). This fact leads to recall the childhood. Childhood is also a stage in one’s life where the individual is being used to get in touch with the external world. By starting to be socialized, social expectations begin at that specific period of life. Children are supposed to behave in such a way that would make the others call them, sweet or c ute. Nobody would hear someone call a kid a devil in a serious way. Actually, children are expected to be angels. No one can imagine an evil act done by a kid. In the Moroccan society, children are often asked to call someone that they don’t really know khalti or aami depending on the gender, which can be translated as â€Å"aunt† or â€Å"uncle†. Everybody becomes an aunt and an uncle, from the friend of the mother to the neighbor passing by the seller. This naming is spread all over Morocco. It is a rule that links young people and older people. It is a sign of respect regards the older persons. This fact shows one of the society’s expectations regards the individual that starts from childhood and continue during adolescence until adulthood. At that point, children begin to be aware of the presence of different behaviors that are not all accepted and where the choice is not allowed. In fact, they understand that the choice had been done by the society, and this society expects from that child to behave according to its choice. Actually, while being a child, the individual is not given a lot of choice. Most of t he time, he does what older people ask him to do, which he believes is the best alternatives. But at the same time, these demands at this age help children to get used to such expectations that will become bigger and heavier to stand over the next coming years. During the growing up process, the adolescent meets at each stage more social expectations. Sometimes, they get more complicated. In fact, social expectations are the mould where the identity of the individual is put. They define and draw the borders of the identity. According to Levesque in his book Not by Faith Alone, â€Å"social expectations inspire the identity formation process as much as the more obvious biological and cognitive changes. † (2001, p. 36). This is to say that they play a huge role in determining the attitude of the adolescent towards himself and towards the whole society. Due to the hardness of the task of coping with these expectations, there are some adolescents that meet them and others who are unable to achieve them. At the adolescence stage, it is difficult to deal with the society’s expectations. People who are in this case are overwhelmed by these expectations. (Geldard. K, Geldard. D) . For those people, this feeling of inability that haunts them would push them to an â€Å"anti-social behavior† (Geldard. D, Geldard. K. , p. 12, 2004), which is most of the time rebellion. Since he cannot get socialized, the individual chooses isolation. Other times, he can choose to do exactly the opposite of what he is expected to do. For instance, following a set of expectations and rules that don’t belong to the society where he lives, but rather to a 4 foreign society. You read "Social Expectations and Identity Development" in category "Essay examples" The outcomes of those situations are several. Delinquency is one of them. The adolescent can’t find his place among the society members. He starts to search for ways to belong to the marginalized peers, which meets the isolation concept. In fact, this turning to that marginalized members reveals a real lack in the need of belonging. The belonging need is not met, (Geldard,D. , Geldard, K. , 2004). The inability to belong to a group may affect the self esteem of the adolescent. Thus, it can bring a sense of doubt in his own capacities about undertaking some initiatives. This lack of self confidence may push the adolescent to avoid any kind of susceptible situation, as it was said by Eriksson (Muuss, 1999) in his theory of identity development in the conflict about autonomy, shame and doubt. In contrast, people who achieve these expectations feel that their goal is reached, which is about to get socialized. They feel more and more comfortable in that new place where they have just settled. This achieved goal can bring a feeling of satisfaction. The individual can start to be proud of himself and more self confident. Thus, a higher self-esteem of himself could be attained. It would allow him to undertake more initiatives and to be more willing to take actions. In that situation, it is the autonomy part of Eriksson’s theory that it is being satisfied. The adolescent would be no more afraid of relying on himself because he knows that he succeeded in doing the hardest task that he would be asked to accomplish during his entire life, which is to get socialized. Social expectations vary from a society to another depending on its standards and conventions that are tightly related to culture and religion. But in fact, Havighurst, (as cited in Geldar, Geldar. , 2004), has defined some tasks that the adolescent has to make adjustments on and has to achieve. These tasks concern at first the gender and sexual role 5 of the adolescence. The adolescent must accept the role that is attributed to him and create according to that role relationships with peers who belong to that society. Secondly, the adolescent is expected to start preparing his future life by developing some intellectual skills which would help him to have an occupation that will ensure an economic independence. This economic independence will bring the adolescent to prepare for a family life. Finally, the adolescent is required to build a set of values that fit with the environment where he lives in. These expectations form a sequence of achievements. Each expectation generates another one. Also, as the individual goes into age, he faces more complicated expectations that aim mainly the future life that is about adulthood. Moreover, those social expectations vary according to gender. Females and males are not expected to do the same things or to have the same goals or values. In fact, the expectation that was previously mentioned about the sex role is tightly related to this one. Each gender has its own role. Girls may feel that their main goal is to get married and to have children. Boys have to be always strong and never display or show any weakness. These expectations exert a huge pressure on both genders. Additionally, due to these expectations, girls may form long-term goals. They would stop thinking about the present moment, but rather start to prepare for their future lives as spouses and as mothers. Boys, would never act like they feel like to. They would always remember that they don’t have to show their feelings. Failing in achieving these goals and coping with them is often responsible for the appearance of the violent behavior as it is said in Counseling Adolescents. Social expectations could be perceived as a limitation of the development of the dentity. But in some cases, it is considered as the element that saves the individual from 6 identity confusion. The adolescent has to find a landmark that would guide him through the process of the development of his identity. Eriksson refers to peers’ expectations that can be considered also as social expectations since they are members of the society. According to him, the adolescent is in need of these expectations that come specifically from his peers to start having a sense of his identity which is different from the one that he gets from his parents. This distance that the adolescent creates towards his parents marks the end of the strong emotional dependence that he had with them—the departure. To maintain this relationship with parents, the adolescent has to respond to some expectations. Parents often, expect from their children to be and to do what they had wanted to be in their youth. Sometimes they don’t realize deeply what they are asking their children to do. These behaviors can bring the adolescent to form what is called a false identity. The individual doesn’t consider his own needs, or sometimes he can only perceive his needs through the others’ needs. As it is said in Normal Child and Adolescent Development, â€Å"a false identity is also established in adolescents who have grown up in a family in which they continually adapted to their parents’ needs and expectations at the expense of their own innate needs†, (Gemelli, p. 478, 1996). They just want to see and recall their own youth through the one of their children. But at a certain moment, parents find themselves in the obligation of withdrawing from their children’s lives (Geldard, Geldard. , 2004) to give them the opportunity to become independent. Eriksson (Muuss, 1996) believes that this stage of independence is crucial for the adolescent â€Å"to attain a mature identity†, (p. 52). In fact, while the parents’ expectations vanish from the adolescent life, the social expectations in contrast, follow him through all his life. Actually, these expectations help him to stay focus on his own identity and 7 according to Erikson (Muuss, 1996), these expectations becomes more important at the period of entering adulthood because they are more likely to cause crisis due to the fundamental changes that they may set off. Living in a community requires giving oneself up to its rules. Social expectations are the primary rules that the individual is confronted to during all his life. So, the individual can not act and react only depending on his own point of view. A whole society must be considered. In fact, it is not a simple task for an adolescent, especially when he is in a position that doesn’t allow him to judge any of those expectations. Thus, the formation of his identity depends on how he coped with these social expectations and if he reached his goals by accomplishing the tasks that these expectations define for him. How to cite Social Expectations and Identity Development, Essay examples

Paraphrase for Performance Measurement Systems -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theParaphrase for Performance Measurement Systems. Answer: Planning: Theory: Planning helps to design a possible action that needs to be undertaken by a company. In order to achieve the successful implementation of any organizational strategy, the company must plan how it will allocate its various resources and how will it use organizational capacities in the most effective way. Planning is an important step that involves the act of formulating goals as well as envisioning strategies for future success. The formulation of business specific objectives can only helps in understanding the procedures of achieving organizational success (Lent Brown, 2013). As a result, the planning skill is an important skill required to be present in a manager. Business planning as well as strategic planning needs to be executed simultaneously or individually depending on the expectation and strategy of the organization. An effective planning skill helps a manager predict the possibility of performance degradation of employees or anticipate the possibility of organizational fail ure in the long run, and adopt effective strategies that can help to combat the same (Miner, 2015). However, the goals set by the manager must be framed in accordance with the performance measurement systems approved by the company. The business plan of an organization usually comprises of the business and product description, an analysed report on market condition, the implementation strategy of the formulated plan as well as a budget plan. The section named companys descriptions helps in enlighrening the reader about the companys vision, its organizational structure and its legal obligations. On the other hand, the product descriptions section helps in giving an insight into the unique features of the product. The market analysis report provides detailed idea about the market size, the nature of competition and the demographic details of the consumers (Morgeson et al., 2013). Again, the implementation strategy details how the plan can be executed using the available resources. Lastly, the budget plan will help in showing how much expense is incurred on each course of action, and includes a balance sheet, cost and cash flow analysis and a budget. A strategic planning is equally important as it helps the company to evaluate the internal and external factors that may deserve attention as far as the implementation of organizational plans is concerned (Mathieu et al., 2016). Findings: The responses as recorded by interviewing the manager suggested that a common practice of planning is followed in the organization. Yet at the same time, there remains certain discrepancies as the business plan or the strategic plan has not be properly addressed by the respective personnel such as the Security Manager and Operations Manager. There seems to be limited opportunity for innovative plans in the Victoria University planning process (McShane Von, 2015). As evident from the responses of the interviewees, the planning process has been divided into various parts and each part of the planning process is being assigned to a distinct level of management. For instance, the strategic planning is expected to be carried by the management level of employees, while the task of operative as well as tactical planning has been allocated to the specific departments and middle management section of the organization. Analysis: After reflecting on the planning process of Victoria University, it can b suggested that a little bit of creativity and innovation need to be incorporated in the business plan. As the responses were being analyzed, it became evident that the excessive intervention of the organizational leaders in various levels of decision-making and planning process is hindering the prospect of creative planning process (Mihalache et al., 2014). It is recommended that the organization tries to implement the practice of implementing a collective framework of planning process, whereby the managers will also be involved in the planning process, so that they can offer a multifaceted impression of the performance if various sectors of the organization and accordingly implement corrective measures. Organizing: Theory: Often the managers in an organization are not able to accomplish successful implementation of the planned activities, simply because they fail to adopt an organized approach. The managers should have an organized approach while allocating each planned task to a specific person. The organized approach is also important as it helps in effective management as well as proper coordination during the planning process. This is important as it helps the employees understand the exact needs and expectations of the organization (Nahavandi et al., 2013). It is the duy of the manager to secure the levels of authority, allocate the planned activities effectively to the employees and thereby organize the entire workforce. Without an organized approach, the manager will fail to explain the organizational structure to the employees that will explain how each planned activity has been distributed amongst the different levels of the employees (Pinder, 2014). The organizational structure is defined as the interrelation existing between the various departments of the organization and the individual and their common functions. Adapting the organizational structure of a hierarchy actually refers to the categorical distribution of the relevant levels in an organization, and the employees enjoying a high position in a hierarchy usually enjoy additional power and responsibility at the same time. As far as the organizational function of a manager is concerned, he is responsible for delegating the duties to the respective employees (Robbins and Judge, 2012). The managers should take into consideration the existing activities alongside the strategic changes that needs to be incorportaed in the tasks. The manager should first understand the skills and abilities of the employees, and accordingly only should assign the tasks to the employees of different departments. As an organizer, the manager should try t unite and integrate the activities of the similar groups and increase the division of work in the organization. Since the departmental organization helps in limiting the size of the tasks, it becomes easier for the employees to achieve the tasks as well. The next stage in the process of organization is to categorize the authority, that also involves understanding the consequences for the exchange of responsibility as well as reporting ( Stadler , 2015). There are various ways by which a manager can departmentalize the work, as he may organize the work by function, geography, product type or customer base. Some of the large scale organizations have been found using multiple methods of departmentalization. Besides, the act of organizing also involves the act of designing the individual jobs within the workplace. The leaders should try to strike a balance between responsibility and authority so that the head of each department does end up misusing their positions. Findings : The organizational aspect of the planning process has been considered to an important aspect in the management process at Victoria University. As suggested from the responses of the managers, the managers the organization process by aligning it with the management of the human resources, financial resources and other resources (Wagner Hollenbeck, 2014). The managers keep on organizing various interactive sessions with the employees, that help them to develop a clear understanding of the responsibilities of their assigned works that ensure effective implementation of the strategic plans (Shortell Kaluzny, 2013). Analysis: As per the response of the manager of the organization, Mrs. Geeta Kumar, the organizational function plays an important role in order to organize every resource at the right time and right place and ensures the accomplishment of the organizational goals. By reflecting on the organization capability of the given organization, it can be stated that the organization needs to adopt a sophisticated communication channel, that will help to link the various departments of the organization, and will help in effective implementation of the strategic plans (Shortell Kaluzny, 2013). In order to improve the leadership skills within the organization, the managers can also consider the idea of reorganizing the activities of various leaders of the organization. Leading: Theory: The third important function of a manager is to lead the employees in each activities in order t ensure successful implementation of the plans. The process of leading the employees helps the managers to motivate the employees, interact and communicate with the employees so that they can successfully fulfill the needs and expectations of the organization. The managers are capable of commpnading the employees since they enjoy the leadership position within the organization (McShane Von, 2015). The managers should not only allocate the jobs to the respective employees, but need to inform them about the specific requirements of the tasks, while enjoying their leadership position (Robbins Judge, 2012). The managers should also supervise that th employee are able to meet the task deadlines and provide guidance in case the employees lack competence to achieve a particular task. Findings: As far as the Victoria University is concerned, it has been observed that the leadership style of the executives play an important role in motivating the large workforce of the organization. The leaders of the organization follow a democratic and participatory leadership style which encourage all the employees of the organization participate in the decision-making process and resolve the issues of the organization (Nahavandi et al., 2013). As per the responses of the interview, the executives of the Victoria University assume situations that help them to react to the complex and multiple changes within the business market. At the same time, it is to be noted that the emergence theory is also important feature that characterizes the leadership function of the organization. Analysis: The analysis of the leadership functions of Victoria University shows that the participatory style of leadership is appreciated by most of the employees of the organization that help in talent retention. However, the financial compensation constraints are often unnoticed by the management authority. Hence, the senior managers need to respond to the financial as well as the non-financial motivation in order to improve and retain employees.

Tourism Growth in Developing Countries

Presently, tourism is known to be one of the biggest, yet dynamic and a very fast growing sector, which has many economical benefits (Batta, 2000). Because of the high returns, substantial amount of foreign currency flow in a country, crucial infrastructures, and other amenities develop, and modern educational experiences take place rapidly affecting the economy of any given country.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Growth in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More No doubt, tourism has contributed to both social and economical growth of many countries worldwide. For a number of well-developed countries such as France and Switzerland among others, tourism has been one of the greatest factors, which have steered developments both in terms of social and economical spheres (Cooper et al. 2005). However, despite of numerous developments brought by tourism, it also has the potential to cause many problems, especially to the developing countries. According to most current statistics, tourism is a sector that has impacted world economy in a positive way. Statistics clearly show that tourism provides about ten percent (10%) of the total world income (Mitchel, 2009). In addition to this, it also provides jobs directly and indirectly to a tenth of the world’s labor force (Mitchel, 2009). Looking at this topic from the perspective of development, tourism is a sector that has proved beyond doubt to be very reliable and most importantly, extremely essential due to its contribution in the economy of a country. However, most people tend only to see the positive aspect of the tourism sector without even thinking of the idea that tourism can also cause many problems. In developing countries such as Kenya, Zimbabwe, Brazil, and India among many others, where tourism is a key sector and a pillar of national economy; this sector has caused numerous problems, some that are long- term. Long-term problems such as environmental and ecological damage have severe effects to the nation and the host community as well (Mason, 2008). Tourism is highly regarded for its role in bringing people of different cultures together (Casimir, 2000). For instance, people come from all corners of the world to visit East Africa, where tourism is a booming business.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, as much as the tourism sector impacts the host communities in a positive ways in terms of culture, it is also one of biggest destroyers of indigenous cultures (Casimir, 2000). Most people find pride in cultural values that are deep rooted. Because of that aspect, tourists like visiting communities where members have maintained their cultural values. Most host communities tend to showcase some aspects of their widely held cultural values to foreigners. In a number of developing countries, cultural values and aspects are mostly highlighted through making items that are part of their culture such as carvings, cloths, utensils and so on (Rodgers, 2001). Poverty is high in most developing countries and therefore, host communities depend on selling these kinds of stuffs to foreigner to earn a living (Urry, 2003). Once tourists have bought such stuffs, considering that most of them are foreigners, they go back with them to their homes. In other words, they carry away the most treasured cultural heritage of the host community. Since most foreigners have economical power, they develop and modify such items, which have been acquired from a developing country. The next time people from developing countries realize, their cultural products are being sold in foreign lands but they take no credit for their creative products. This way, their intellectual products are sold and their cultural values became eroded. A good example in this case is the famous Ke nyan Kiondo. Kiondo was and still is a cultural heritage from one sub tribe in Kenya (the Kikuyu community). However, today Japanese people who bought the idea of Kiondo in Kenya do produce and sell it in and outside Japan earning income for the country. If Kenya was a developed country, it would have modified this product and earn good income from it. However, the irony is that Kiondo is even more popular with Japanese than it is with Kenyans. Secondly, tourism in many developing countries has interfered with people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity (National Parks Portals, 2009). As tourists visit several developing countries to explore many things, they not only concentrate on nature, but they also try to explore and understand host’s way of life.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Growth in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This involves visiting their homes and even sometimes staying with them for sometime. Where some hosts may take this as a gesture of friendship, others (Hosts) may not be comfortable with such situations. As tourist visits people in their homes, in one way or the other, they do interfere with their personal privacy (Singh, 2008). On other hand, as much as some of tourists may appreciate what they see or learn about the culture of the hosts, others may disgrace or intimidate the host community. This without doubt, interferes with the dignity of individuals. This can be caused by lack of clear and developed policy in a developing country (National Parks Portals, 2009). While tourists are highly appreciated for providing people (host) opportunities to learn about foreign cultures without having to travel across the sea, it is also one of the major causes of culture erosion in most developing countries (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). Due to lack of proper exposure, many people in developing countries are naive. Most people in d eveloping countries have the perception that foreign cultures are more superior to theirs. Because of this perception, most host communities are carried away by some cultural values of the foreigners. In fact, some foreign tourists go to such developing countries and even marry there (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008.). They then go with their wedded couples back to their homes. This greatly contributes to erosion of cultures. In addition, as much as the tourism sector is credited to be environmental friendly, it has a substantial amount of effect on environment (Huybers, 2007). Tourism in developing countries can be a major cause of ecological destructions hence impacts the environment negatively. Many tourists go to developing countries as part of the adventure. Although the primary goal is to explore, tourists also influence destruction of ecology in the host country (Huybers, 2007). This may come about when tourists want to visit interior areas. In an effort to make their visitors comfo rtable, hosts will clear trees and bushes to create roads and paths.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, when they visit national parks, they at times want to camp there. In the process, they cut trees to use for camps and making fire. This causes destruction to the environment, especially the natural cover (Urry, 2003). On the other hands, cars used by tourists also cause pollution of air and consequently the environment. Tourism is associated with development in terms restaurants and hotels (Singh, 2008). With these forms of developments, many benefits are linked to this growth including creation of jobs to some people in the local community. Since most tourists are foreigners, the standards of foods and drinks in such restaurants are of high quality. This therefore means that, most locals can hardly ever work in these hotels. In addition, farmers can only supply few types of foods, as most tourists (foreigners) are not used to local foods. Due to standards and quality expected by foreign tourists, most foods and even employees are exported from well developed countries (Hu ybers, 2007). This denies opportunities for farmers to sell their products to these kinds of restaurants and it also does not accommodate people from the host community in terms of employment due to lack of skills. The amount or level of employment created by tourism is not adequate in developing countries (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). This is due to lack of sufficient education and skills. In terms of social life, tourism is highly regarded as a sector that has the ability to engage people and promote good relations. This is because tourism brings people of different cultures together. Even though some locals in developing countries face a number of problems when dealing with foreigners, especially communication issues, good social relations is developed in one way or the other through tourism. However, as much as this sector promotes the social life, it does cause a major problem in the society. This problem is the issue of prostitution (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). Most people in dev eloping countries are languishing in poverty and some live below a dollar a day (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). Since the perception of locals is that tourists have a lot of money, they do anything to earn that foreign currency. For young girls and mid aged men, prostitution is one way of earning money. Young women go to nightclubs where foreigners are partying and they get paid peanuts for sex. On the other hand, young men look for older tourist women and they are paid few dollars to meet sexual needs of these tourists. Because of this factor, the social life turns to be a big evil of prostitution in areas that are widely visited by tourists. According to statistics, prostitution is relatively high in regions with high number of tourist since people are less educated (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008. They resort to prostitution to earn the foreign income. Conclusion In deed, tourism is a sector that has the potential to drive any country forward due to its economical benefits. Across the worl d, tourism sector has brought enormous economical benefits hence steering developments. Despite of its potential to bring economical benefits to a developing country, tourism is a major cause of problems. Tourism can cause ecological and environmental damage (Lew, 2008). In addition, it can cause severe effects on culture and cultural values of the host communities. This can either be through damage of cultural heritage or by culture erosion. Insufficient policies, lack of education and skills, and poverty is among several factors that make tourism to have far-reaching effects in most developing countries. Developing countries should device better approaches to address all issues in order to continue enjoying social and economical benefits from the tourism sector. References Batta, R 2000, Tourism and the Environment: A Quest for Sustainability with Special  Reference to Developing Countries, and Policy Analysis on Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, Bangladesh. Casimir, M 2000, C ulture and the Changing Environment: Uncertainty Cognition and  Risks, Berghahn Books, New York. Cooper et al. 2005, Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow. Huybers, T 2007,Tourism in Developing Countries, Edwin Edgar Publishers, Cheltenham. Lew, A 2008, Long Tail Tourism: New Geographies for Marketing Niche Tourism Products, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 409–419. Mason, P 2008,Tourism Planning and Management, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Mitchel, J 2009, Values Chain Analysis and Poverty Reduction at Scale, Overseas  Development Institute. National Parks Portals 2009, Impacts of Tourism. Web. Rodgers, J 2001, Travel and Tourism: Advanced, Heinemann, Sandton. Singh, L 2008, Issues in Tourism Industry: Fundamental of Tourism and Travel, Isha Books, Delhi. Telfer, D. Sharpey, R 2008, Tourism and Development in the Developing  World, Rutledge, California. Urry, J 2003, Social Networks, Travel, and Talk. British Journal of Sociology, Vol 54, no. 2, pp. 155–175. This assessment on Tourism Growth in Developing Countries was written and submitted by user Zion M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Riddles of the Anasazi Essays

Riddles of the Anasazi Essays Riddles of the Anasazi Essay Riddles of the Anasazi Essay What is the truth of the Nazis people? Were they really cannibals? Did they only kill outcasts, or anyone of their pick? Why did they live in fortified homes? The following paragraphs, hopefully impart information on the above questions. The Nazis lived in fortified homes for environmental and social reasons/theories. One environmental reason was a long drought that lasted for 23 years. However, the Nazis suffered much worse with fifty years of drought before they went Into hiding. A social theory about why they moved Into fortified homes was nomadic raiders, men/ women that drove the Nazis out of their homes and Into hiding. A terrible social reasoning would be cannibalism, when times got tough In their villages, they would make examples of the town outcasts and become cannibals. Cannibalism, were the Nazis? Or, were they peaceful people afraid of things other than the people around them? The Elders of the Nazis Tribes today, tell a story of mass murder of each village going against each other. They executed the adult males, and captured and, tortured women and small children. Kook Man Corn also suggests the possibilities of cannibalism; in his book he has documents of 76 differing cases of primitive cannibalism in the southwest. Turner researched this information for thirty years. He has a six criteria system if they reach all six points; he believes that person was killed by a cannibal. The six points are, breaking of long bones to get marrow, cut marks on bones from knives, burning of bones, and a luster on the bones from cooking in a clay pot. Biochemists in Colorado tested the bones of several Nazis people and found Human coprolite of mycologist. Its existence there means the Nazis consumed human flesh. A case against cannibalism would be to lust say people who were pronounced as witches and other social outcasts were killed in the way Turner described. I believe there was cannibalism back in Nazis times. I also believe people do not want to shed truth on what happened, in fear of what will come in our nation and in our time. Archaeologists say the push, that lead to the Nazis fleeing was environmental catastrophes that lead to savagery, and hostilities. Some experts though say there was a pull, something leading them to the south and the east. Some believe it was the Chalk Cult. The Chalk Cult is a belief that gods to ensure rain and fertilely? Proof of the China cult appears to be found on different artifacts, their story Is related In paintings and drawings. These artifacts are found near the Roll Grandee. The Nazis people were complex Individuals that we still figure out what happened to them. They have left behind some evidence as cliff dwellers, The left behind works of art, bones with markings, pottery, homes that look Like they have been left 300 years ago Instead of ages, and Pueblo people follow In some of their name dances and rituals today. Besides the facts that lay before us, we can only hypothesize the real truth as to the Nazis lifestyle and life choices. Riddles of the Nazis By bigness Nazis lived in fortified homes for environmental and social reasons/theories. One Nazis suffered much worse with fifty years of drought before they went into hiding. A social theory about why they moved into fortified homes was nomadic raiders, men/ women that drove the Nazis out of their homes and into hiding. A terrible social reasoning would be cannibalism, when times got tough in their villages, they would just say people who were pronounced as witches and other social outcasts were leading them to the south and the east. Some believe it was the China Cult. The China Cult is a belief that gods to ensure rain and fertility? is related in paintings and drawings. These artifacts are found near the ROI Grandee. The Nazis people were complex individuals that we still figure out what happened to them. They have left behind some evidence as cliff dwellers. The left behind works of art, bones with markings, pottery, homes that look like they have been left 300 years ago instead of ages, and Pueblo people follow in some of their

Mary Daly Radical Feminist Thoughts Research Paper

Mary Daly Radical Feminist Thoughts - Research Paper Example Her first publication â€Å"The Church and the Second Sex† resulted in her termination as a lecturer. Daly’s second publication was â€Å"Beyond God the Father† in this publication, she portrays God as a substantive subject. In her publications, she follows Paul Tillich example who is known for his foundational work in feminist theology. Her third book published in 1978 â€Å"The Metaethics of Radical Feminism† shows how men throughout history aim at oppressing women. In some of her publications, she gives some of the chants that can be used by women to free themselves from oppression. With this, this research paper gives the ancient/ classical sources that Daly uses in building her arguments about feminism. The essay will also give the themes that Daly uses. Lastly, how the themes are influential in the contemporary world. In her publications, Daly uses Biblical historical tales for instance the Genesis and the fall into freedom. By using these tales, she portrays how religion has created inequalities between Saxes by different destructive religious patterns. In her publication, she argues that, women are supposed to rule men. The Biblical historical tales are well illustrated in her publication â€Å"Tillich’s Theological Influence on Mary Daly†. This work of art gives the thought process of the radical theologian feminist Mary Daly. Daly interacts with Tillich’s idea to bring out the aspect of feminism. In this publication, Daly had different opinions on Tillich’s sexual life especially concerning her wife Hannah (Lyon1). Daly writes that Tillich expresses a form of religious doublethink, which makes him to be deceived hence self-acceptance. In analyzing Tillich’s life Daly does not explicitly connect the power of the Supreme Being to sexual oppression. This text il lustrates Tillich’s theological influence and ideas in building her argument on feminism and how women are oppressed. In Daly’s book â€Å"Beyond God the Father: Towards a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation†, the author brings out different themes concerning women's liberation. In this book, she portrays the feminist spiritual program that she believes that it is of great help to women. This is by how she believes that women should take a place in the current patriarchal religious thus creating a strong foundation of feminist theology. All this is aimed towards women's liberation. In this book, Daly portrays how God is the only static and authoritarian male figure. She clearly shows how father figure has led to the subjugation of women (Daly 1986). This is because most people believe that, the father is the backbone of the systems of symbols. She further claims that religious subjugation results to the subjugation of all other areas in life social, politica l, and economic. Because of this, she states that, the feminist spiritual revolution will replace the traditional concept of feminism. Daly says that women are supposed to realize their own potential to overcome male domination (Daly 1986). She says that women should be ready to ensure that they do away with all socially sanctioned women abuses, such as female circumcision. The second book, which contains different themes of great help in this research paper, is â€Å"The Church and the Second Sex†. This book uses biblical accounts to portray the role of women in the society. It shows how women are able to survive in servitude. In this book, she shows how women feel that they are in a homeless world owned by only women (Daly 1). The writer also shows how Jesus treated a woman that is the relationship between women and Jesus. In the New Testament, women are portrayed as persons, which clearly contrasts with the modern

The Service Excellence Management Report Research Paper

The Service Excellence Management Report - Research Paper Example It is clear from analysis that the management of Cathay Pacific Airlines is operating with the vertical organizational structure. Moreover, the organization is focusing on too much centralization in its decision making and strategy development process. Employee management has become one of the biggest challenges for the management of the organization. Too much centralization and flatter organization structure is affecting the motivation level of employees, which can reflect in the customer service management process. The organization has adopted old industrial model. Therefore, they are failing to retain their skilled employees. Some recommendation plans have been provided in the report to overcome the contemporary issues. Service excellence can be considered as an attitude that engrained in each and every organization. It begins and ends with people within the organization. Global business environment has become highly competitive as several organizations within the industry are trying to implement unique strategies in business operation process in order to gain potential competitive advantages over the competitors. Customer experience, customer expectation level and customer satisfaction level are the three major aspects in service excellence. In this present era of globalization, consumers always expect better service from the organizations beyond high quality products. It is true that, demand for high quality and differentiated services is increasing significantly among the consumers around the globe. Therefore, several organizations in this contemporary global business environment are looking to provide effective customer service in order to gain potential competitive advantages over the competit ors. Effective customer service and service excellence of organizations highly depends upon the knowledge and skill of

Explain how the Cold War influenced the American government's decision Essay

Explain how the Cold War influenced the American government's decision to fight in Vietnam - Essay Example However, this time in which the U.S. operates as the only superpower and therefore the world’s dominant force, known as the ‘unipolar moment’ was first, superficial to begin with and second, fleeting. The Soviet Union’s collapse left the U.S. as the lone superpower and it quickly showed a willingness to operate unilaterally when pursuing its interests. â€Å"Those in Washington who believed that superpower status was equal to a unipolar international system justified making decisions without the cumbersome involvement of allies.† (Hogan, 2004 p.2) This unipolar moment was, of course, a myth because a gap has always existed between the U.S.’s military capacity and its capability to control world events to its liking. The U.S. certainly enjoyed and took full political advantage of the widely accepted perception of its unipolar status following the Cold War’s end. It is this perception, this myth that should be examined when attempting to understand the concept of a world superpower and its limitations in an era of globalization. A unipolar world never existed, it was a term made up by observers that only saw the surface effects of the Cold War’s end. The U.S. was also referred to as the first hyperpower by the French but both of these terms are misleading at best and if believed, especially by the U.S., dangerous, as has been shown by the arrogance displayed in the invasion of Iraq. There are other descriptions of the supposed power wielded by the U.S. including ‘leader of the free world’ and ‘indispensable power’ that should be re-thought when defining America’s political position in the world community today. A vast disparity exists between America ’s perceived capacity to wage war and its actual capability to twist events in accordance with its ambitions. The potential military power and technological edge the U.S. has over all other nations

Toys and development from theory to research

Toys and development from theory to research The first twelve months of a childs life are crucial for physical and cognitive development. At six months an infant should be able to reach for and grasp objects so that during months 6-12 they learn to transfer objects from one hand to the other, grasp a spoon across their palm, can sit without support, begin to crawl, pull themselves up and walk with assistance, and may begin to walk without assistance. These process of these developments are explained in cognitive theories. One of the most influential cognitive theorists of development is Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Piaget proposed that a child is born with a repertoire of sensory and motor schemes, such as looking, tasting, touching, hearing and reaching (Boyd Bee, 2009). Through the process of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration, a childs schemes evolve into more complex mental schemes. Piaget proposed that this happens through the course of four stages: sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage. It is the sensorimotor stage that concerns the development of schemes in an infant. During the sensorimotor stage, a baby understands the world through its senses and motor actions. In relation to the development of an infant from 6-12 months are Piagets substages of secondary circular reactions, and coordination of secondary schemes. Secondary circular reactions, which are noticeable around six months are an infants repetitive actions oriented around external objects. Also, at this stage, infants may show some signs of imitation, and an understanding of object concept (understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave) and object permanence (that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight) (Boyd Bee, 2009). At around 8 months of age, an infant reaches the fourth substage of Piagets sensorimotor stage the coordination of secondary schemes. In this stage, an infant begins to show an understanding for causal connections, which leads to means-end behaviour, purposeful behaviour carried out in pursuit of a specific goal. An infant can now combine schemes, and can transfer information from one sense to another (cross-modal perception). Another cognitive theory is that of Vygotskys sociocultural theory, which asserts that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interaction rather than in an individuals private explorations (book). Vygotsky believed that a childs learning of new cognitive skills is guided by an adult (or a more skilled child/sibling) through scaffolding a structured learning experience which is most beneficial when adapted to the childs zone of proximal development (developmental level). Vygotsky also emphasizes the importance of active exploration, in particular, assisted discovery. Recommended Toys Little Bird Told Me Softly Snail Snuggle-time Play-mat and Gym This colourful, multi-textural play-mat contributes to the secondary circular reaction stage of Piagets sensorimotor stage. The mat is designed to develop fine motor skills with the help of its detachable rattle toys and teething rings. Features such as its musical antennae and baby safe mirror are included to help develop sensory schemes. The pillow, which comes with the play-mat, can help an infant to develop motor skills as it can be used as a chest support for tummy play, which can also encourage the development of gross motor skills such as rolling over, and crawling. This toy is also beneficial as it can assist infants in the coordination of secondary schemes, for example, the means-end behaviour of pressing the antennae to hear some music. This toy is also ideal for a 6 month old infant to learn through assisted discovery, as Vygotsky suggested. VTech Singing Nursery Rhyme Book This interactive book, which is full of rhymes and flashing lights, along with hide and seek functional features, of different colours and textures, is suitable for an infant of 6 months or older. This book is designed to stimulate the senses and improve hand to eye coordination. While it is an ideal toy to demonstrate Vygotskys assisted discovery with the help of an adult, it is also a toy that can help with Piagets secondary circular reactions and the coordination of such secondary schemes, such as understanding object permanence, and causal connections. This toy is also durable through further stages, as it is can help teach different language sounds, and colours. Fisher Price Rainforest Jumparoo This toy includes a variety of colours, textures, sounds, and moving toys. Not only does it encourage the development of fine motor skills through the use of toys, but it also encourages the development of gross motor skills such as standing, and turning. Jumping movements activate lights and sounds, which stimulate the infants senses, and also cause the movement of the hanging toys which help with the development of Piagets coordination of secondary schemes, e.g. intentional means-end behaviour, and cross-modal perception. This toy is full of features to facilitate Vygotskys assisted discovery, e.g. understanding cause and effect and encouraging hand-eye coordination. Go Go Caterpillar This small moving toy, suitable for 9 months plus, is colourful, and contains colourful and noisy beads within its wheels. It encourages the development of gross motor skills as it pushes the infant to crawl or continue after the toy. The toys also has letters and numbers on it, which through the help of Vygotskys scaffolding, can lead to the learning of different letter sounds. Also the simple process of pressing the toy to make it move encourages the development of Piagets coordination of secondary schemes, such as learning cause and effect through repetition, and developing cross-modal perception. Little Superstar Sing Along Stage This toy (suitable for 6 months and older) encourages singing, dancing, and discovery on a number of levels. It has colourful features, which each make unique noises, including rattles and buttons, and also has a lights display. Along with this is a microphone and instruments which play songs, and there is a built in child friendly mirror. The toy in general motivates expression and movement, and is ideal for assisted discovery, while the use of the instruments and microphone encourage the development of fine motor skills such as hand-eye coordination, and the coordination of schemes such as means-end behaviour. The colours, lights, and mirror function as sensory stimulants, while the toy as a whole helps develop the coordination of schemes, and encourages activity. Conclusion Overall, cognitive development in an infant is highly important. Piaget and Vygotsky both have cognitive theories to explain development, and while they both have limitations, they can both be applied to all of the five toys I have chosen as the best toys for physical and cognitive development of an infant, and in particular an infant between 6 and 12 months. For Piaget, the most important developments between these months are those secondary circular schemes, and the coordination of these schemes, including fine and gross motor skills, through assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration, while Vygotsky suggests that development occurs through social interactions guided through scaffolding, and assisted discovery.

The Love Scene between George and Maire from Translations Essay

The Love Scene between George and Maire from Translations This scene, in my opinion is the dramatic centre of Translations. The scene displays that George and Maire have fallen in love as they return from the dance together; the pair find it hard to communicate, and exhaust every method of communication before reciting place names to one another. The common language of the place names increases the tension between George and Maire until, finally, they kiss. The kiss is witnessed by Sarah who uses her new found talent of speech to tell Manus. The scene, in my view is very important as it is the catalyst for the disastrous events which follow, it leads to the disappearance of George, the search of Baile Baeg by new English soldiers, Maire’s despair, and the imminent ‘evictions and leveling of every abode’. The stage directions play a prominent part in the scene, they specify darkness and music being played, the music is significant as it is a common form of communication, everybody can relate to it. The ‘music rises to a crescendo’ as Maire and Yolland enter on stage and the audience are involved in the excitement and merriment of the pair. The music also crescendos later after Sarah has seen them which emphasizes the significance of what has just happened. The stage directions also describe their actions towards one another, the gestures and the pause before the kiss; all which would add a lot of drama and pace to the scene. Act 2 Scene 1, which is just before the love scene, is very different. Maire and George at this point are still very shy and use Owen to translate everything between them: Maire: Tell him then Owen: Tell him what? Maire: About the dance. Maire is essentially inviting Ge... ...hows that she has gone to tell him about George and Maire, bring the scene to a climax. It is also poignant that after Sarah has been given the gift of speech, she is now about to use it to tell her teacher and change everything in Baile Baeg, possibly costing George’s life. As the scene acts as a microcosm of the play’s messages, Friel displays the themes of translation, cultural differences and conflict of interests all in one scene. As a result, I think that this is a very important, if not the most important scene of the entire play, as the scenes before all build up to this moment, and the later events preceding it are all results of George and Maire’s union. Brian Friel has also managed to keep the audience interested by using tension, pace, irony and suspense; and successfully brings the end of the act to a climax, keeping the audience engaged.